Collagen is the protein that structures your skin. It makes up about 75% of the dry weight of the dermis. It gives your skin its firmness, elasticity, and its ability to return to its shape when pressed.
To give you a concrete image: imagine your skin as a mattress. Collagen is the internal structure of the mattress. As long as it is dense and solid, the mattress remains full, firm, and able to return to its shape. When this structure degrades, the mattress flattens. It retains marks. It sags at the ends.
This is exactly what happens on your face.
The wrinkles that deepen around your eyes or mouth? These are areas where collagen has locally collapsed. The skin no longer lies flat because its internal structure no longer supports it.
The sagging of the jawline, what some call jowls appearing around 55-60 years old? This is collagen no longer holding the skin around the jaw. The skin has the same surface area as before, but it no longer has the firmness that kept it attached to the bone structure beneath.
The loss of density, that finer, more fragile, almost transparent feel in certain areas? This is the dermis thinning because there are fewer collagen fibers to give it volume.
Dull complexion, which no longer reflects light as before? This is also related. Collagen-dense skin reflects light uniformly. Skin that thins diffuses it poorly, giving that "dull" impression that your friends sometimes notice before you do.
Everything you see in the mirror, what you call "aging," actually has one common biological cause: the degradation of collagen fibers in your dermis.
Now for the good news.
But beware: collagen is not made once and for all at birth.
It is constantly renewed by specialized cells called fibroblasts.
These fibroblasts are alive in your dermis. At 64 years old as well as at 25. They are working. They are trying. They are producing collagen.
To make collagen, fibroblasts use a crucial enzyme called prolyl hydroxylase. This enzyme takes freshly synthesized procollagen chains and chemically modifies them so that they can properly assemble into strong fibers.
Without this modification, the chains do not assemble. The formed fibers are defective. Soft. Fragmentable. They do not hold the skin.
And this enzyme, prolyl hydroxylase, requires an obligatory cofactor to function.
The cofactor is vitamin C.